Konsep dan Faktor Penistaan Agama dalam Perspektif Quraish Shihab dalam Tafsir al-Misbah

الملخص

This study explores the concept of blasphemy in religion based on Tafsir al-Misbah by M. Quraish Shihab using a thematic exegesis (tafsir maudhu‘i) approach. The research is motivated by the increasing cases of religious blasphemy in the digital era, where social media platforms are often misused to spread hate speech and ridicule religious symbols. The study aims to reveal how the Qur’an discusses religious blasphemy as interpreted by Quraish Shihab, to identify its underlying factors, and to outline the Qur’anic principles for responding to it wisely. This research employs a library-based qualitative method, with the Qur’an and Tafsir al-Misbah serving as primary sources, complemented by books, journals, and previous studies as secondary references. The analysis involves identifying relevant verses, examining their linguistic and contextual meanings, and synthesizing thematic interpretations. The findings show that Quraish Shihab interprets blasphemy as a multidimensional phenomenon—spiritual, psychological, and social. He identifies four main causes of blasphemy: arrogance, ignorance, blind fanaticism, and ideological hatred—manifested in four groups of offenders: disbelievers (kafir), hypocrites (munafik), the ignorant (jahil), and haters (bughdh). Quraish Shihab emphasizes that the Qur’anic response to blasphemy should be grounded in education, wise preaching, strategic patience, and moral piety. Thus, Tafsir al-Misbah provides both theoretical and practical guidance for Muslims to confront acts of religious defamation with wisdom and dignity in the context of modern digital challenges.